Snail rearing

Snail is a common name that is applied most often to land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs. However, the common name "snail" is also applied to most of the members of the molluscan class Gastropoda that have a coiled shell that is large enough for the animal to retract completely into. When the word "snail" is used in this most general sense, it includes not just land snails but also thousands of species of sea snails and freshwater snails.

Archatina Archatina

The practice of rearing snails for food is known as heliciculture. For purposes of cultivation, the snails are kept in a dark place in a wired cage with dry straw or dry wood. Coppiced wine-grape vines are often used for this purpose. During the rainy period the snails come out of hibernation and release most of their mucus onto the dry wood/straw. The snails are then prepared for cooking. Their texture when cooked is slightly chewy. As well as being relished as gourmet food, several species of land snails provide an easily harvested source of protein to many people in poor communities around the world. Many land snails are valuable because they can feed on a wide range of agricultural wastes, such as shed leaves in banana plantations. In some countries, giant African land snails are produced commercially for food.

watch out!

Snail! Is that an insect or wild animal? Are they edible and if yes they are, what are the nutritional values derived from snail? Can i know different species of snail and their peculiarities? How do i farm snails? These and more are the questions we will look into in the series. Watch out!

Home made perfume

When making home made perfumes as previously discussed, there are 3 main ingredients which you will need, and these are:-

1. Essential Oils

2. Water

3. Alcohol

Many of these items can be either obtained from a store that specializes in such ingredients, or over the internet.

You will also need a large saucepan, large bowl (for mixing all the ingredients together), spoon and some measuring cups or jugs to make perfume at home.

Provided below, are a few easy recipes that you should be able to produce at home without too much hassle.

1. Basic Recipe

All you need for this recipe is some water, chopped flower blossoms (use lilac or lavender if blossoms unavailable).

Place the flower blossoms in a bowl, add the water and then cover them and leave them overnight. The next day, the solution can be put into small bottles and sprayed either into the air or on to your skin.

2. Amaze

For this, you will need some distilled water, vodka, hypericum perforatum, cypress and rosemary

(all of which are essential oils). They should then be mixed together and stored overnight.

After a period of 12 hours or more, the solution produced can be put into a dark spray bottle to be used. Using a dark colored bottle will help the solution to remain fresh, which will be felt by the person using it when they apply it to their skin.

3. Whispering Rain

This is another recipe that may be worth trying out. Again, you will need distilled water, some vodka, Sandalwood, Bergamot and Cassis essential oils (which can also be purchased as fragrance oils).

These ingredients should be stirred together and then stored overnight in a covered container. Then, the next day, it can be transferred to a dark colored bottle. This perfume must be kept in a cool place so that it does not dry up.

The three perfumes above normally last for about a month before they lose their scent and the next recipe should produce something a bit better.

For this recipe, you will need fragrance oils such as Sandalwood, Cedar Wood, Bergamot, Vodka and a little touch of Vanilla. All these ingredients should be put into a jar and then shaken. It should then be put in a cool place and left for a week. After this time, you can then transfer the mixture into small perfume bottles.

If you would like to learn more about recipes for making your own perfume, you could always do a search of the internet. I also recommend visiting your local bookstore, where they will have books on the subject.

It is important to remember that these types of perfume recipes only have a shelf life of a month, therefore you will need to make new batches every few weeks.

Home made perfume

When making home made perfumes as previously discussed, there are 3 main ingredients which you will need, and these are:-

1. Essential Oils

2. Water

3. Alcohol

Many of these items can be either obtained from a store that specializes in such ingredients, or over the internet.

You will also need a large saucepan, large bowl (for mixing all the ingredients together), spoon and some measuring cups or jugs to make perfume at home.

Provided below, are a few easy recipes that you should be able to produce at home without too much hassle.

1. Basic Recipe

All you need for this recipe is some water, chopped flower blossoms (use lilac or lavender if blossoms unavailable).

Place the flower blossoms in a bowl, add the water and then cover them and leave them overnight. The next day, the solution can be put into small bottles and sprayed either into the air or on to your skin.

2. Amaze

For this, you will need some distilled water, vodka, hypericum perforatum, cypress and rosemary

(all of which are essential oils). They should then be mixed together and stored overnight.

After a period of 12 hours or more, the solution produced can be put into a dark spray bottle to be used. Using a dark colored bottle will help the solution to remain fresh, which will be felt by the person using it when they apply it to their skin.

3. Whispering Rain

This is another recipe that may be worth trying out. Again, you will need distilled water, some vodka, Sandalwood, Bergamot and Cassis essential oils (which can also be purchased as fragrance oils).

These ingredients should be stirred together and then stored overnight in a covered container. Then, the next day, it can be transferred to a dark colored bottle. This perfume must be kept in a cool place so that it does not dry up.

The three perfumes above normally last for about a month before they lose their scent and the next recipe should produce something a bit better.

For this recipe, you will need fragrance oils such as Sandalwood, Cedar Wood, Bergamot, Vodka and a little touch of Vanilla. All these ingredients should be put into a jar and then shaken. It should then be put in a cool place and left for a week. After this time, you can then transfer the mixture into small perfume bottles.

If you would like to learn more about recipes for making your own perfume, you could always do a search of the internet. I also recommend visiting your local bookstore, where they will have books on the subject.

It is important to remember that these types of perfume recipes only have a shelf life of a month, therefore you will need to make new batches every few weeks.

When making home made perfumes as previously discussed, there are 3 main ingredients which you will need, and these are:-

1. Essential Oils

2. Water

3. Alcohol

Many of these items can be either obtained from a store that specializes in such ingredients, or over the internet.

You will also need a large saucepan, large bowl (for mixing all the ingredients together), spoon and some measuring cups or jugs to make perfume at home.

Provided below, are a few easy recipes that you should be able to produce at home without too much hassle.

1. Basic Recipe

All you need for this recipe is some water, chopped flower blossoms (use lilac or lavender if blossoms unavailable).

Place the flower blossoms in a bowl, add the water and then cover them and leave them overnight. The next day, the solution can be put into small bottles and sprayed either into the air or on to your skin.

2. Amaze

For this, you will need some distilled water, vodka, hypericum perforatum, cypress and rosemary

(all of which are essential oils). They should then be mixed together and stored overnight.

After a period of 12 hours or more, the solution produced can be put into a dark spray bottle to be used. Using a dark colored bottle will help the solution to remain fresh, which will be felt by the person using it when they apply it to their skin.

3. Whispering Rain

This is another recipe that may be worth trying out. Again, you will need distilled water, some vodka, Sandalwood, Bergamot and Cassis essential oils (which can also be purchased as fragrance oils).

These ingredients should be stirred together and then stored overnight in a covered container. Then, the next day, it can be transferred to a dark colored bottle. This perfume must be kept in a cool place so that it does not dry up.

The three perfumes above normally last for about a month before they lose their scent and the next recipe should produce something a bit better.

For this recipe, you will need fragrance oils such as Sandalwood, Cedar Wood, Bergamot, Vodka and a little touch of Vanilla. All these ingredients should be put into a jar and then shaken. It should then be put in a cool place and left for a week. After this time, you can then transfer the mixture into small perfume bottles.

If you would like to learn more about recipes for making your own perfume, you could always do a search of the internet. I also recommend visiting your local bookstore, where they will have books on the subject.

It is important to remember that these types of perfume recipes only have a shelf life of a month, therefore you will need to make new batches every few weeks.

Getting started with perfume production

Now that you have made a decision to produce your own perfume, whether to earn an extra income or just as a hobby, you will need to start looking for places where you can get your supplies from.

1. First, you will need to choose a formulation or perfume recipe. The reasons perfumes differ is down to the formulation or recipe that has been used, and in order for you to produce a perfume that people will like, it is necessary to choose a good recipe or formulation.

It is very important that you decide what kind of perfume it is you want to make, and then read through the description of a particular recipe, to see if it will produce the desired result you are looking for.

2. Next, you will need to look at essential and fragrance oils that are available. As these are one of the major ingredients in the making of perfumes, it is important that you choose ones which are of a good quality. The better quality oils you use, the better quality your finished product will be.

The oils used will establish the perfume’s inherent attributes, like mood, quality and

　

character. What you should remember, however, is that essential oils are much more expensive than fragrance oils. When first starting out, it may be wise to just use fragrance oils only to save on money until you’ve become more skilled.

Also it is important that you learn about, and understand, the health risks which are associated with essential and fragrance oils. There may be some formulations or recipes which could cause health problems if the oils included in them are used incorrectly.

3. Any perfume made today is not made with fragrance or essential oils alone, and alcohol is also used as the primary solvent (helps to reduce the strength of the oils).

4. When making any home made perfume, it is important that you use the right materials for not just measuring, but for handling, mixing and storing the finished product in.

Do not use utensils you already have in your kitchen (ones for measuring water or food items), as they are not suitable for measuring fragrance oils, alcohol and other such solutions that are required to make perfume. It is better that you use measuring devices that allow you to exactly measure out the amounts of oils and solvents required. If you do not, the perfume you make may not be what you wanted. It is best if you use measuring devices made from glass so that you can see what is inside and when handling any formulas (i.e., transferring them to storage bottles or other containers), then use a funnel with a narrow long neck.

5. Fixatives are used with the other ingredients in order to lower the rate of evaporation of the fragrance or essential oils. The reason why a perfume may lose its fragrance faster than normal is because only a little amount of fixative was used when preparing the perfume.

Now that you know what supplies you need to use to make perfume, you need to know where to get them. You may be able to get them from a shop in your area. You could also go online, as there are plenty of places which sell perfume kits. Simply do a search for "perfume kits", and you will soon see what is available.

Sources of fragrace

Any perfume you buy or make yourself is a chemical compound made from fragrant oils, aroma blends, fixatives and solvents, which produce a pleasant or attractive smell. Primarily women use perfume in order to smell nice if they are attending a special event, or to help attract a mate.

The composition of any perfume starts with base perfume oils, which are natural, animal or synthetic, and are then watered down with a solvent to make them light and applicable. Unfortunately, perfume oils in either pure or undiluted form, can cause damage to skin, or an allergic reaction, so the adding of solvent is necessary to make them less potent. The most prevalent solvent used in the manufacturing of perfumes is Ethanol.

Plants are the oldest source for obtaining fragrant oil compounds from, and the parts used the most are the flowers and blossoms. But other plant parts, which can also be considered for use in perfume making, are leave, twigs, roots, rhizomes, bulbs, seeds, fruit, wood, bark and lichens.

As for perfumes which have been made using animal sources, they are normally made from Musk, and it is obtained from either the Asian Musk Deer or Civets (known as Civet Musk), as well as Ambergis (a fatty compound). Some perfume makers may also use either Castoreum or Honeycomb in the production of their perfumes.

As for synthetic source perfumes, these are produced through organic synthesis of multiple chemical compounds, and such things as Calone,

Linalool, Coumarin and Terpenes are used to make synthetic fragrant oils. By using synthetic products in perfume making, you can produce smells which are both unnatural, and which may not even exist in nature, have become very valuable element in the making of perfumes nowadays.

Perfumes are made in order to attract the customer via the olfactory system (sense of smell) in order to persuade people to buy the perfumes or perfume laced products that they are producing.

A perfume composition will either be used to augment other products, or patented and sold as a perfume after it has been allowed to age for one year.

Unfortunately, fragrance compounds will, after time, begin to deteriorate and lose strength if stored incorrectly. It is therefore important when thinking about making your own perfume, that you store them in tightly sealed containers, and keep them out of light and away from heat, as well as away from oxygen and other organic substances. If you want to get the best results possible the containers should be stored in a fridge at a temperature of between 3 and 7 degrees Celsius.

Today more than ever, perfume is popular around the world because both its use and application continues to grow.

Step by step approach to making perfume

Firstly, you need to consider what sort of perfume it is you would like to make? Would it be an eau de cologne, perfume concentrate or even an aftershave?

Secondly, you need to decide what it should smell like? Do you want it to be soft or strong, sweet or manly or unisex? Does it have to be long lasting?

Now that you have made a decision by answering the questions above as to what kind of perfume it is that you would like to make, you need to start making a list of the ingredients that you need. When making the list, you should think about the characteristics of the various ingredients that you want to include in your recipe. However, if you

already have a recipe that you would like to use, it may mean you do not need to bother experimenting with the ingredients you have (it may be wise to adjust the quantities of the ingredients you are using in order to make the perfume more personalized). However, if you do not have your list of ingredients already prepared, then there are a couple things that you should know prior to making your list.

First, when making perfume it is important that you experiment as much as you can. It should be remembered that perfume making is an art, and imagination and a great sense of smell will help you to overcome any lack of knowledge or experience that you have.

The next most important thing in relation to perfume making is that there are 3 key ingredients you will need to produce perfume:

1. Essential Oils (these have been extracted from various plants (organic or non-organic)) and when combined give the smell of the perfume you are trying to produce.

2. Pure Grain Oil

3. Water

Also, another thing that you should know about in relation to oils used in perfumes, is that there are 3 different types of oils, and these will ultimately influence the smell of perfume over time.

1. The Base Oil (Base Notes) – This will produce the scent that stays longest on the skin and for this reason it is usually added to the mixture first.

2. The Middle Oil (Middle Notes) – This also influences the smell of the perfume for quite

some time, but not as long as the base notes does.

3. Top Oils (Top Notes) – This is added to the mixture after the middle notes, and may then be followed by some other substance which will help to bridge the scents together.

It is very important that when you are making perfume, you mix the extracts in the above order, and that you use enough of each type (usually equal amounts) in order to produce the right sort of perfume.

Below are provided a list of oils that you can easily obtain and which will help you to produce the perfume of your dreams.

1. Base Notes – Sandalwood, Vanilla, Cinnamon, Mosses, Lichens, Ferns

2. Middle Notes – Lemon Grass, Geranium, Neroli, Ylang-Ylang

3. Top Notes – Orchid, Rose, Bergamot, Lavender, Lemon, Lime

Now that you have read the above and considered all the possibilities it is time to start making your own perfume.

The History of Perfumery

People’s use of scents, aromas and fragrances has been used for many centuries, and when and why people started to prepare and use them seems lost to us. However, over the years, evidence has been found through archeological findings, as well as texts written by our ancestors, that has shown just how aromas were being used. In the very early civilizations, scented flowers and herbs were used by people to worship the Gods, and when burned, some of these plants would release strong aromas. Such scented fires became part of many religious rituals. In fact, you will find that many religions still use scented fires today.

Both the Assyrian’s and Egyptians used scented oils. Because of this, the demand for the raw materials needed to produce both fragrances and remedies led to the discovering of new ways of extracting scents from the plants they used. Such techniques as pressing, decoction, pulverization and maceration were developed and mastered by both the Assyrian’s and the Egyptians. They even made attempts at trying to produce essential oils by distillation.

Slowly, the use of perfumes spread to Greece, where not only were they used in religious ceremonies, but also for personal purposes as well. When the Romans saw what the Greeks were doing, they began to use fragrances even more lavishly. There are many manuscripts around describing the herbs which they brought from all over the world to produce the fragrances they used.

However, as the Roman Empire fell, so the use of aromas for personal use began to decline. However, during the Middle Ages, perfumes again were being used only in churches in Europe for religious ceremonies and to cover the stench caused by the many diseases which abounded at this time.

Then when trade with the Orient was reestablished at the beginning of the 13th Century, exotic flowers, herbs and spices became more readily available around Europe. Venice quickly became the center of the perfume trade. It was not long before perfumery soon spread to other European countries. The perfume trade then developed even further, as those returning from the crusades reintroduced perfume for personal use.

However by the late 18th Century, the synthetic material fragrance was being produced, and this was the beginning of perfumery in the modern age. Thus with the introduction of synthetics, perfumes would no longer be exclusively used by the rich and famous. Also, because synthetics were now being used to produce perfumes, they could now be made on a much larger scale, although naturals were still also being used to help soften the synthetics. Today, natural products still remain a very important part of the production of perfumes in modern formulations.

But today, more and more people are turning away from the industrial techniques of producing perfume, and preferring to make it themselves instead. But for many people making their own perfumes, not only is it easy to do, but it is also a great source of pleasure and fun for them.

PERFUME SERIES

Why is it that women love perfume as much as men love cars? There are some researchers who believe that a woman’s reason for loving perfume is because of the pheromones their bodies produce. Often, certain scents or perfumes trigger the increase of how much pheromone a woman’s body will produce.

While a perfume will help in increasing the production of a woman’s pheromone levels, they are also liked by women because of the attention they get from a member of the opposite sex or even from another woman.

In studies carried out, nearly 80% of all women will make a perfume purchase at least once each year.

Many women will tell you that the reason they purchase a particular perfume for themselves is that it makes them smell great and they seem to feel better about themselves. It also makes them feel a little bit more feminine.

Not only does smelling great make a woman feel good about herself,

but it will make her feel attractive also.

Life: Shoe Design

Life: Shoe Design: A shoe is an item of footwear intended to protect and comfort the human foot while doing various activities. Shoes are also used as an it...

Shoe Design

A shoe is an item of footwear intended to protect and comfort the human foot while doing various activities. Shoes are also used as an item of decoration. The design of shoes has varied enormously through time and from culture to culture, with appearance originally being tied to function. Additionally fashion has often dictated many design elements, such as whether shoes have very high heels or flat ones. Contemporary footwear varies widely in style, complexity and cost. Basic sandals may consist of only a thin sole and simple strap. High fashion shoes may be made of very expensive materials in complex construction and sell for thousands of dollars a pair. 

Parts

Sole

The bottom of a shoe, the part that is intended to come in repeated contact with the ground, is called the sole. Soles have been made from plant fibers, leather, wood, rubber, synthetics, plastic, and various combinations of these materials. Soles can be simple, a single material in a single layer, or they can be complex with multiple structures or layers and materials.

Insole

The insole is the interior bottom of a shoe, which sits directly beneath the foot under the foot-bed (also known as sock liner). The purpose of insole is to attach to the lasting margin of the upper, which is wrapped around the last during the closing of the shoe during the lasting operation. Insoles are usually made of cellulosic paper board or synthetic non woven insole board. Many shoes have removable and replaceable foot-beds. Extra cushioning is often added for comfort (to control the shape, moisture, or smell of the shoe) or health reasons (to help deal with defects in the natural shape of the foot or positioning of the foot during standing or walking). Basically, this is a main part of shoes which can absorb foot sweat. Foot-beds should typically use foam cushioning sheets like latex and EVA, which provide good wearing comfort of the shoe.

Out-sole

The out-sole is the layer in direct contact with the ground. Dress shoes often have leather or resin rubber out-soles; casual or work-oriented shoes have out-soles made of natural rubber or a synthetic material like Polyurethane. The out-sole may comprise a single piece, or may be an assembly of separate pieces of different materials. Often the heel of the sole has a rubber plate for durability and traction, while the front is leather for style. Specialized shoes will often have modifications on this design: athletic or so called cleated shoes like soccer, rugby, baseball and golf shoes have spikes embedded in the out-sole to grip the ground.

Mid-sole

The layer in between the out-sole and the insole that is typically there for shock absorption. Some types of shoes, like running shoes, have another material for shock absorption, usually beneath the heel of the foot, where one puts the most pressure down. Different companies use different materials for the mid-soles of their shoes. Some shoes may not have a mid-sole at all.

Heel

The bottom rear part of a shoe is the heel. Its function is to support the heel of the foot. They are often made of the same material as the sole of the shoe. This part can be high for fashion or to make the person look taller, or flat for a more practical and comfortable use.

Vamp (upper)

Every shoe has an upper part that helps hold the shoe onto the foot. In the simplest cases, such as sandals or flip-flops, this may be nothing more than a few straps for holding the sole in place. Closed footwear, such as boots, trainers and most men's shoes, will have a more complex upper. This part is often decorated or is made in a certain style to look attractive.

Lateral and medial

The outside part of the shoe is referred to as the lateral and the inside facing part of the shoe is the medial. This can be in reference to either the out-sole or the vamp.

Welt

A welt is a strip of leather, rubber, or plastic that is stitched to the upper and insole of a shoe, as an attach-point for the sole.

My Trip to Anambre for NYSC

By 12:15pm on 5th of march, 2012, I set out to Ajibade area in Mokola, Ibadan to book a ticket for my trip to Omunya Anambra. Hoping to set out tomorrow morning by 6:30am. Presently I'm full of excitement and look forward for the trip. I was fortunate to get seat no.3 which is the seat right behind the driver side. I'm sure with that I will not miss out on the sight seen.

Physical exercise

Physical exercise is any bodily activity that enhances or maintains physical fitness and overall health and wellness. It is performed for various reasons including strengthening muscles and the cardiovascular system, honing athletic weight loss or maintenance, as well as for the purpose of enjoyment. Frequent and regular physical exercise boosts the immune system, and helps prevent the "diseases of affluence" such as heart disease, cardiovascular disease, Type 2 diabetes and obesity.It also improves mental health, helps prevent depression, helps to promote or maintain positive self esteem, and can even augment an individual's body image, which is also found to be linked with higher levels of self esteem. skills,

Types of exercise

Physical exercises are generally grouped into three types, depending on the overall effect they have on the human body:

 

• Flexibility exercises, such as stretching, improve the range of motion of muscles and joints.
• Aerobic exercises, such as cycling, swimming, walking, skipping rope, rowing, running, hiking or playing tennis, focus on increasing cardiovascular endurance.
• Anaerobic exercises, such as weight training, functional training, eccentric training or sprinting, increase short-term muscle strength.

A sofa

A sofa is a piece of wood well padded or cushioned. It is also called a couch.